Gender Differences and Gender Stereotypes from a...

Gender Differences and Gender Stereotypes from a Psychological Perspective Gender Differences and Gender Stereotypes Gender differences and gender stereotypes are fascinating in that one must sift through the theories, assumptions and inevitable confusion to distinguish the reality from the assumption. Men and women are obviously different, especially inherently, but how? And why? And which differences are more individualized than generalized? Even more interesting is to observe how the differences between men and women have evolved, especially over the past 30 years- since the sexual revolution. A generous amount of research has been done since then, and this research is continually updated as men and women evolve themselves.†¦show more content†¦The difference in the degree of aggression between the two genders seems much more obvious in people’s youth. Young boys are known to fight a lot, but there aggression seems to fade as they mature. There have been many studies involving gender differences in aggressive behavior. What causes this behavior? Is it environmental or inbor n? Some believe that aggression is caused by nature, while others believe that it is caused by nurture. Those who argue that aggression is caused by the nature theory argue that the level of aggressiveness differs in the two sexes because of the difference in the level of sex hormone, testosterone. In rebuttal, the nurture side argues that aggressiveness is largely caused by the social structure in which we live. This team believes that as soon as a child recognizes his/her gender, he/she becomes either passive or aggressive, thinking that that is what they are expected to be. Such behavior is encouraged by the media, the parents whom they follow, and other important factors in their lives. In an effort to prove whether the aggressiveness of gender is caused by nature or nurture, some information has been collected. However, even with the data it is hard to come to a conclusion. Self-confidence is another major issue, concerning genders. Psychologists say that women have less self-confidence than men do. When a male student and a female studentShow MoreRelatedGender Roles : Gender And Gender1587 Words   |  7 PagesMany people don’t know the difference between gender and sex. Sex is anatomical and biological. Gender role can be defined as a person’s inner sense of how a male or female should feel and behave. Culture and society are two important factors in relation to this particular topic. This implies that various societies and cultures may produce children and later fully grown men and women who may have diverse perspectives of a man or a woman’s place or role in the world around them; this is often determinedRead MoreExploring the Formation of â€Å"Perspective Fixedness† Through Established Theories1100 Words   |  5 PagesExploring the Formation of â€Å"Perspective Fixedness† Through Established Theories The ability to take different and varying perspectives in any given situation is a strength and often seen as an indicator of intelligence or at least, competence. This fluidity of perspective is a prominent part of many entrance tests for gifted children in schools (McGlonn-Nelson, 2005). In everyday cultural interactions, however, the quality does not seem to be endorsed or encouraged and in looking at the System JustificationRead MoreSex-Role Stereotyping Essay835 Words   |  4 Pagesinescapable, the new generation takes its cues from older generations, and thus, any change in them is slow. Few would argue that some differences do exist between men and women. However, are these differences significant enough to perpetuate male and female stereotypes? More importantly, do such stereotypes serve any benefit to an individual or culture? Jeanne Humphrey Block, author of Conceptions of Sex Role- Some Cross Cultural and Longitudinal Perspectives, uses the term â€Å"sex role† to describe theRead MoreBreaking through the Barriers Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagesthe definition of the word â€Å"gender† question whether one is male or female, or does it derive from something much deeper than that? Think back to childhood and try to recall some of the most popular toys. Most likely, females were given a baby doll, and males, an action figure of some sort. From early childhood all the way to late adulthood, Americans are taught the differences between a man and a woman by these small gestures. The theory and concepts surrounding gender vary by culture, but as AmericansRead MoreThe Theory Of Equality And Gender Roles1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe world one lives in it happens to grasp that all humans are designed as equals. This is far-off from reality based on how this society is operating. The principle o f equality does not imply that everyone is the same, nevertheless that everyone should be treated as equals unless special circumstances apply. When it comes to the two sexes, everything that comes in its bounds is either biased intentionally or unintentionally, either way it continues. One could be aware of the characteristics andRead MoreModern Day American Society By Aaron Devor s Bros Before Hos : The Guy Code ``1635 Words   |  7 Pages yet it is the root of all gender relations. The widely accepted notion that men naturally evolved to become the superior sex is a myth. Aaron Devor’s â€Å"Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender,† and Michael Kimmel’s â€Å"Bros Before Hos: The Guy Code,† both argue that the gender hierarchy America has been built upon is the product of socialization. Devor s essay, written more like a research paper, focuses on explaining the origins of the gender myth through well-researchedRead MoreO bjectification Of Women And Women1462 Words   |  6 Pagesand women and how they are related to levels of sexism and psychological well-being. The literature on objectification has mostly indicated the connection between viewing objectified media representations and women’s body displeasure and motivation to achieve a slim body. The goal of the current study was to further past research by studying the effects of objectified media images –considering both male and female models– on psychological well-being, self-regard, and support of sexist states of mindRead MoreThe Topic Of Sexuality1144 Words   |  5 Pagesphenomenon and is influenced by the interaction of psychological, biological, social, cultural factors and many more. Horrocks (1997), suggests that to try and understand or explain a definitive conclusion about sexuality seems impossible as sexuality has different meanings to so many groups of people. Introduce the perspectives being used in essay (para)- There are a wide variety of models and perspectives relating to sexuality. Many perspectives on sexuality use biology and physiology as the basisRead MoreShould Children Be Exposed From Gender Roles?973 Words   |  4 PagesShould Children Be Exposed To Gender Roles? In modern day America there is an ongoing disagreement between people of all ages about the topic of gender roles in children. According to Barrie Thorne and Zella Luria, the word gender is used to refer to â€Å"cultural and social phenomena- divisions of labor, activity, and identity which are associated with but not fully determined by biological sex† (Sexuality and Gender in Children’s Daily Worlds). Whether or not young males should be able to play withRead MoreLiving In 21St Century United States, Being A Much More1042 Words   |  5 Pagesliberal  and inclusive environment (generally speaking) than prior decades, gender â€Å"roles† and their normalities are being severely questioned and challenged. Americans have defined and established gender stereotypes that have become a critical part of how we look at gender roles and create biases about each gender. Stereotypes assume people who belong to a group will appear, behave, look, speak or sound like o thers from that group. The values, norms, practices, behaviors and traditions associated

China †Geert Hofstede Free Essays

4/22/13 China – Geert Hofstede THE HOFSTEDE CENTRE (index. php) GET CERTIFIED Select a Country United States in Intercultural Management and (/certification- Culture by Organisational courses. html) in comparison with the below China THE HOFSTEDE CENTRE (thehofstede-centre. We will write a custom essay sample on China – Geert Hofstede or any similar topic only for you Order Now html) 118 80 91 GEERT HOFSTEDE (geerthofstede. html) NATIONAL CULTURE (nationalculture. html) 66 DIMENSIONS (dimensions. html) 62 30 46 29 40 COUNTRIES (countries. html) APPLICATIONS (applications. html) 20 COURSES (interculturalmanagement-courses. html) PDI IDV China MAS UAI LTO United States ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE (organisational-culture. tml) EVENTS AND COURSES (eventscourses. html) FAQ (faq. html) What about China? If we explore the Chinese culture through the lens of the 5-D Model, we can get a good overview of the deep drivers of Chinese culture relative to other world cultures. Power distance This dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal – it expresses the attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. At 80 China sits in the higher rankings of PDI – i. e. a society that believes that inequalities amongst people are acceptable. The subordinate-superior relationship tends to be polarized and there is no defense against power abuse by superiors. Individuals are influenced by formal authority and sanctions and are in general optimistic about people’s capacity for leadership and initiative. People should not have aspirations beyond their rank. Contact Imprint (contact. html) (imprint. html) Individualism The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. It has to do with whether people? s self-image is defined in terms of â€Å"I† or â€Å"We†. In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. In Collectivist societies people belong to ‘in groups’ that take care of them in exchange for loyalty. At a score of 20 China is a highly collectivist culture where people act in the interests of the group and not necessarily of themselves. In-group considerations affect hiring and promotions with closer in-groups (such as family) are getting preferential treatment. Employee commitment to the organization (but not necessarily to the people in the organization) is low. Whereas relationships with colleagues are cooperative for in-groups they are cold or even hostile to out-groups. Personal relationships prevail over task and company. Masculinity / Femininity geert-hofstede. com/china. html 1/2 4/22/13 China – Geert Hofstede A high score (masculine) on this dimension indicates that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success, with success being defined by the winner / best in field – a value system that starts in school and continues throughout organisational behaviour. A low score (feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine). At 66 China is a masculine society –success oriented and driven. The need to ensure success can be exemplified by the fact that many Chinese will sacrifice family and leisure priorities to work. Service people (such as hairdressers) will provide services until very late at night. Leisure time is not so important. The migrated farmer workers will leave their families behind in faraway places in order to obtain better work and pay in the cities. Another example is that Chinese students care very much about their exam scores and ranking as this is the main criteria to achieve success or not. Uncertainty avoidance The dimension Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen? This ambiguity brings with it anxiety and different cultures have learnt to deal with this anxiety in different ways. The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the UAI score. At 30 China has a low score on uncertainty avoidance. Truth may be relative though in the immediate social circles there is concern for Truth with a capital T and rules (but not necessarily laws) abound. None the less, adherence to laws and rules may be flexible to suit the actual situation and pragmatism is a fact of life. The Chinese are comfortable with ambiguity; the Chinese language is full of ambiguous meanings that can be difficult for Western people to follow. Chinese are adaptable and entrepreneurial. At the time of writing the majority (70% -80%) of Chinese businesses tend to be small to medium sized and family owned. Long term orientation The long term orientation dimension is closely related to the teachings of Confucius and can be interpreted as dealing with society’s search for virtue, the extent to which a society shows a pragmatic future-oriented perspective rather than a conventional historical short-term point of view. With a score of 118 China is a highly long term oriented society in which persistence and perseverance are normal. Relationships are ordered by status and the order is observed. Nice people are thrifty and sparing with resources and investment tends to be in long term projects such as real estate. Traditions can be adapted to suit new conditions. Chinese people recognize that government is by men rather than as in the Low LTO countries by an external influence such as God or the law. Thinking ways focus on the full or no confidence, contrasting with low LTO countries that think in probabilistic ways. geert-hofstede. com/china. html 2/2 How to cite China – Geert Hofstede, Papers

Pretty Woman Vs. Pillow Talk Essay Example For Students

Pretty Woman Vs. Pillow Talk Essay The marriage plot has been quite prominent in the film industry over the past few decades. The plot that is characterized by its lead woman getting the lead man and vice versa, has contributed to such movie blockbusters as Pretty Woman and the classic film, Pillow Talk. While both films can be classifies as containing marriage plots, the films share other similarities as well. However, in regards to the marriage plot, Pretty Woman follows the pattern much more fluently and precisely that does Pillow Talk. Both Julia Roberts and Doris Days characters, Vivian and Jan, respectively, are strong women in their films. They both contain quite a few characteristics such as boldness, confidence, and intelligence that make them very attractive and desirable to their male counterparts. While their professions are quite opposite, the women are similar in their personalities. Jan is an interior designer and her history with men is not troublesome or lacking, but like Vivian, the prostitute, she f inds that men are sometimes after only one thing. I noticed that both women are extremely confident when it comes to dealing with men; they both know what they want and what the are looking for in a male companion. The men in these two movies are quite similar as well. Both Rock Hudson and Richard Gere play two powerful men who are popular with the ladies. Although Hudsons career, a musician, is not typically powerful it does contain benefits and certain contacts that could be considered powerful. These two men both start out with the women practically chasing them. Vivian is paid to be Edwards (Gere) beck and call girl, and does so willingly not just for the money, but because she is also mesmerized by his coyness, charm and good looks. Jan is attracted to Rex (Hudson) because he is also shy and coy and very handsome as well. Both women are interested in their counterparts for the particular reason that they are not men they typically meet. These men are respectful and somewhat quiet and shy. Each plot takes a turn towards the end of the movie when the women leave them, each for different reasons. Ironically and typical of the marriage plot, it then become the man chasing the woman. He is to p rove his worthiness to her and to dismiss her conclusion that he, in fact, is like all other men they have encountered. According to Radner, a key element of the marriage plot is that the woman is of lower status than the male and she is practically the chosen one in his eyes. The woman then finds validation of (her) uniqueness and importance by being singled out among all other women by this man (Radner 57). This is certainly true in Pretty Woman, for Vivian is definitely not the norm for Edward. He has before chosen women that can be regarded as classy and in the upper social class. Ironically, although he does indeed choose Vivian, the prostitute, it is only after he has transformed her taste from streetwalker trashy to Rodeo Drive classy. As for Pillow Talk, Jan is already of such a class that can be deemed very respectable. Hudson, as well, is of the same class and we can tell this merely by the fact that they share the same friends and acquaintances. So, it is this detail that I question that Pillow Talk can be entirely categorized as a marriage plot. While both movies share another marriage plo t characteristic, which is that the heroine contributes to the goodness of the hero. She teaches, in essence, him to feel for others and to take their feelings and emotions into consideration. Jan reforms Rex by showing him what love truly is and to mot be a playboy and Vivian does the same to Edward which is shown in his corporate endeavors. Also essential to the marriage plot is the male gaze. It is so prominent in both films that it is hard to miss. It seems that every time either Gere or Hudson would eye up the heroine, the music was played accordingly or the lighting was following his eyes to their target. What comes to mind when I think of the male gaze and Pillow Talk is the scene in the ballroom/bar when Jan first meets Rex. Right when he first realizes that the beautiful woman on the dance floor is also his adversary on his party line, he makes the comment, So thats what the other side of her looks like. He is obviously pleased and the music of the ballroom smoothly follows his eyes.The male gaze is also a staple with Gere in Pretty Woman. Often throughout the movie he eyes up Vivian with a stare that shows his hidden intentions and his desire for her. It is perhaps most obvious to me when Vivian is talking to the jockey at the polo game. Edwards look towards her show is jealousy, his desire and yet it also shows his approval of her. The male gaze is prominent in both movies and it is also quite important. The heroes both feel they are men to be reckoned with and that he has not found a woman that could equal his mentality or status. What their eyes begin to focus on is the woman that they never expected to be attracted. There are so many emotions, feelings and words in the male gaze and I think that is what makes it so important in these films. These men are captivated by their heroines because they are so opposite of them. The way the heroes look at these women is seemingly full of passion and attraction. The male gaze, alone, is charming to the aud ience but it is the mood of the scene that makes it more important. The lighting, music, and overall dialog help to make the gaze more enchanting. The hero, to me, also plays a huge role in the male gaze. I dont feel that someone like Jim Carrey could pull off the gaze in a romantic comedy. Gere and Hudson are attractive yet mysterious men that, when they gaze, they either look hard with intensity or they kind of put their head to the side and gaze longingly. Either way, the look is something that is particular to each man and makes it more believable and personable. While both movies include the standard marriage plot, they do not leave the audience feeling as though theyve experienced de-ja vu. Each film has original ideas and characters that make the marriage plot successful. Whereas the films are quite similar in some aspects, their differences make them better. However unoriginal the marriage plot actually is, these movies make the staple story line inventive and unique. WORKS CITEDCollins, Jim and Ava and Hilary Radner. Film Theory Goes to the Movies. New York: Routledge, 1993.

Torque Lab Report Analysis Essay Example

Torque Lab Report Analysis Paper Why were pulleys used in the experiment? Why were the strings not simply run over the edge of the force table? Pulleys were used in this experiment to allow the center ring to hover over the middle and thus allowing a more accurate of what angles and weights would be needed to determine equilibrium. If the strings had simply been run over the edge of the force table, it would have been hard to determine whether or not the center ring was balanced or if it was stuck on the table. . Explain why the ring does not accelerate (begin to move from est..) in some configurations even though there are several forces acting upon it. The ring does not accelerate because the several forces acting upon it are at equilibrium. While consisting of different weights, they are balanced with their corresponding distance from each other and the angle they are positioned at. 3. On dataset 1, draw a diameter that passes through 00 and call this the x-axis. Define which end of the diameter is positive and find the component of each force along the x-axis using trigonometry. Show your working in detail. Draw another diameter that passes through 900 and define which end is positive, call his the y-axis. Determine the component of each force along the y-axis. Find the sum of the components in the x and the y axes. What is the resultant force on the ring? Is this what you expect? See attached graph and calculations. The resultant force on the ring is 100 grams. This is expected because the third force on the ring is also 100 grams thus making the system in equilibrium. 4. In part 2 of the experiment explain whether you think that the experiment showed that the use of vectors to represent forces was useful in predicting the balance point. What are the advantages of the vector approach? In a lab eating, the advantages of using the vector approach are that you can predict and have an idea where you will need to put the strings in order for the forces to be in equilibrium. We will write a custom essay sample on Torque Lab Report Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Torque Lab Report Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Torque Lab Report Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In a real world setting, the advantages are obvious because engineers can design bridges and other structures with an idea of where they have to place supports before they even start building. 5. The vector analysis of forces seems to indicate that the end result of applying a balanced set of forces to the ring is the same as not applying any force at all. To what extent is this true? (Think in terms of the how the object moves under both conditions and also bout what the forces will do to the ring if they are very large. This assumption is true to some extent because when there are no forces applied to the ring, it is in equilibrium.

Free Essays on Alex Jordan

TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦ INTRODUCTION3 THE INFINITY ROOM3 THE GATE HOUSE4 THE GARDEN ROOM5 THE ART AND MUSIC ROOM5 THE MILL HOUSE6 THE HOUSE ON THE ROCK CAROUSEL6 CONCLUSION7 WORKS CITED8 INDEX9 Introduction Alex Jordan was truly a unique man with a clear vision and dream. During the 1940’s in Wisconsin’s very own Wyoming Valley Alex Jordan, a known visionary discovered a sixty-foot sandstone chimney rock, which was called Deer Shelter Rock. Alex Jordan, wanting a secluded retreat for him, decided to build a house on top of Deer Shelter Rock. This retreat is now known all over the world as The House on the Rock. Jordan’s retreat was never intended to become a tourist attraction, however soon after construction was completed people from all over the world flooded to catch a glimpse at the architectural wonder. Jordan soon found it necessary to charge an admission for all whom wished to see the retreat due to the large amount of people who came from all over the world just to see what they had been hearing so much about. It was then that Jordan decided that he wanted to entertain visitors with his architectural wonder. Jordan was not only an architect; he was also a gr eat collector. He was a collector who dreamt of creating something so much more than a museum. He wanted something more interactive, livelier, and more magical to house his growing museum quality collections. The original House on the Rock had fourteen rooms, and it is now an extraordinary complex of rooms, streets, buildings, and gardens, which covers over two hundred acres. This report will cover some of the main parts of the house. Some parts are original, while other parts have been added on throughout the years. The Infinity Room Alex Jordan had been planning the Infinity Room for forty years before the construction of it began in 1984. Jordan’s original plans had the Infinity Room beaming made out of wood and extending out approximat... Free Essays on Alex Jordan Free Essays on Alex Jordan TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦ INTRODUCTION 3 THE INFINITY ROOM 3 THE GATE HOUSE 4 THE GARDEN ROOM 5 THE ART AND MUSIC ROOM 5 THE MILL HOUSE 6 THE HOUSE ON THE ROCK CAROUSEL 6 CONCLUSION 7 WORKS CITED 8 INDEX 9 Introduction Alex Jordan was truly a unique man with a clear vision and dream. During the 1940’s in Wisconsin’s very own Wyoming Valley Alex Jordan, a known visionary discovered a sixty-foot sandstone chimney rock, which was called Deer Shelter Rock. Alex Jordan, wanting a secluded retreat for him, decided to build a house on top of Deer Shelter Rock. This retreat is now known all over the world as The House on the Rock. Jordan’s retreat was never intended to become a tourist attraction, however soon after construction was completed people from all over the world flooded to catch a glimpse at the architectural wonder. Jordan soon found it necessary to charge an admission for all whom wished to see the retreat due to the large amount of people who came from all over the world just to see what they had been hearing so much about. It was then that Jordan decided that he wanted to entertain visitors with his architectural wonder. Jordan was not only an architect; he was also a gr eat collector. He was a collector who dreamt of creating something so much more than a museum. He wanted something more interactive, livelier, and more magical to house his growing museum quality collections. The original House on the Rock had fourteen rooms, and it is now an extraordinary complex of rooms, streets, buildings, and gardens, which covers over two hundred acres. This report will cover some of the main parts of the house. Some parts are original, while other parts have been added on throughout the years. The Infinity Room Alex Jordan had been planning the Infinity Room for forty years before the construction of it began in 1984. Jordan’s original plans had the Infinity Room beaming made out of wood and extending out approximat...

US Virgin Islands Vital Records

US Virgin Islands Vital Records Heres how and where to obtain birth, marriage, and death certificates and records in the Virgin Islands of St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas, including the dates for which Virgin Islands vital records are available and where they are located. St. Croix Birth and Death Records Virgin Islands Department of HealthSt. Croix DistrictOffice of Vital Records and StatisticsCharles Harwood Memorial HospitalSt. Croix, VI 00820Phone:  (340) 773-1311 ext. 3086 Dates: Available from 1840 Cost of Copy: $15 (mail-in), $12 (in person) What You Need to Know:Postal money order should be made payable to the  Virgin Islands Department of Health. Personal checks are not accepted. Call to verify current fees. All requests MUST include the signature and a photocopy of a valid photo ID of the individual requesting the record. Requests sent by postal mail must also be notarized, and include a stamped envelope in the amount of $5.60 for return by certified mail or $18.30 for return by express mail. Application for Certified Copy of a Birth Record Application for Certified Copy of a Death Record St. Croix Marriage and Divorce Records Chief Deputy Clerk,  Family DivisionSuperior Court of the Virgin IslandsP.O. Box 929ChristianstedSt. Croix, VI  00820Phone:  (340) 778-9750 x6626 Website:  visuperiorcourt.org/clerk/Family.aspx​ Cost of Copy:  $2 (marriage), $5 (divorce) What You Need to Know:Certified copies are not available.  Money order for marriage records should be made payable to  Superior Court of the Virgin Islands.  Personal checks are not accepted. St. Thomas and St. John Birth and Death Records Virgin Islands Department of HealthSt. Thomas/St. John DistrictOffice of Vital Records and Statistics1303 Hospital Ground, Suite 10St. Thomas, VI 00802Phone:  Ã‚  (340) 774-9000 ext. 4685 Dates:  Available from 1840 Cost of Copy:  $15 (mail-in), $12 (in person) What You Need to Know:Postal money order should be made payable to the  Virgin Islands Department of Health. Personal checks are not accepted. Call to verify current fees. All requests  MUST  include the signature and a photocopy of a valid photo ID of the individual requesting the record. Requests sent by postal mail must also be notarized, and include a stamped envelope in the amount of $5.60 for return by certified mail or $18.30 for return by express mail. Application for Certified Copy of a Birth Record Application for Certified Copy of a Death Record St. Thomas and St. John Marriage and Divorce Records St. Thomas (in person only)Superior Court of the Virgin IslandsAlexander A. Farrelly Justice Center1st Floor, East Wing, Room E1115400 Veterans DriveSt. Thomas, VI 00802 St. John (in person only)Superior Court of the Virgin IslandsBoulon CenterSt. John, VI 00830 Mailing Address (use for both St. Thomas and St. John):P.O. Box 70St. Thomas, VI 00804 Phone:  (340) 774-6680  ext. 6401 Website:  visuperiorcourt.org/clerk/Family.aspx​ Cost of Copy:  $2 (marriage), $5 (divorce) What You Need to Know:Certified copies are not available.  Money order for marriage records should be made payable to  Superior Court of the Virgin Islands.  Personal checks are not accepted.

The role of fathers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The role of fathers - Essay Example However, the involvement of the father depends of various factors such as the genetic relationship, a male guardian, adopted or step father. Statistics has also proved that children who live with their father do academically well as fathers take added role in guiding their children’s social and intellectual development. Fathers play various roles and functions which are- The effects of a father’s absence results in many economic disadvantages. It is associated with a substantial degree of isolation and affects the child’s development.(1) When fathers are disenfranchised, the research studies have shown that the children have a higher rate of suicides, asthma attacks, mental disorder, depression. (2) According to the sociologist Lewis Yablonsky, fathering style is determined by a father’s own behavior, his financial condition and his economic status. In the past decade, the United States has been titled as the world leader in fatherless families and current statistics show that 34% of the children in the United States live without their father. Research studies have proved that there are positive effects of a father’s involvement. Statistics has proved that the children enjoy going to school and participate in extracurricular activities more when the fathers are more involved in their children’s education. There has also been evidence that the children have more self control and have the ability to take more initiatives and risks.(2) The role of the father and his involvement impacts the children’s development, survival and growth, health and child’s emerging capacity. The father’s contribution to children’s well being is through interactions, constructive engagement in family and social life. (3) 3. Ball, Jessica & Ken Moselle, Father’s contribution to children’s well Being, Public Health Agency of Canada, population health Fund Project, 10th April 2007, from

US army reserve in Homeland Security Research Paper

US army reserve in Homeland Security - Research Paper Example The US Army Reserve should engage in Homeland Security and guarding the US borders. It provides trained units in addition to qualified individuals in times of need such as time of war, national emergency, and at times when national security may need them. The security issue within and outside the US is at stake; the number of immigrants is very high in the US because of the illegal entry and smuggling. The paper will expound on the military experience, homeland security expertise, global demand for army forces, and the operational environment in future as the main factors that make the Reserve Component fit for being utilized in Homeland security and guarding the US borders. The paper will also on how the loss of attention in some key areas in addition to pressure on the US economy pose challenge on the integration of the Reserve Component in Homeland Security and guarding the US borders. The Armed Forces Reserve Act of 1952 expounds on the roles of reserve forces. In section 201 (a) of the 1952 Act claims that the reserve components of the United States have specific roles. They provide trained units in addition to qualified individuals in times of need such as time of war, national emergency, and at times when national security may need them (Marcia, 2012). Often, reservists are only given the opportunity to volunteer for active duties. Participation in volunteering activities denies them the promotion opportunities like other active-duty armies.

Critical Incident Essay Example for Free

Critical Incident Essay It was a cold friday afternoon as I sat at the bus stop waiting to get home. I had just got out of an intense Friday lecture from the Northampton local Mosque. The Imam was furious and obviously disgusted at the behavior of our generation. How do we live with ourselves Imam Aseem Ibrahim had said. Most of us have enough to feed ourselves and our family, even buy the latest gadgets just because we can but do we feed the poor? Do we clothed them? He said in anger as he chocked on the words. The lecture kept on playing in my head as I waited for the bus. It made me realize, we could do some good with the money we spend on some unnecessary things especially the ones we buy for ourselves to please others. Earlier, I had planned on buying the new Manchester United away jersey, but with what the Imam said, I dont think I need it anymore. I could use at least half the money to do good for others. Just as I drift on my thoughts, I noticed a fish and chips cart which reminded me of the breakfast and lunch I had missed. I had been staying up late studying that I forgot about a couple of meals. Dont starve yourself in the course of feeding others. The Imam had said while giving his lectures. I starved myself but it wasnt because I was trying to feed anybody, I was just trying to catch up on loss time. I got up and got myself some fish and chips then sat back at the bus stop seats. As soon as I had the first swallow, I realized I could help poor people by feeding them delicious food with a reasonable amount of money. The food was relatively cheap. I smiled and continued to enjoy. Halfway through my meal, I saw a little Indian boy with an elderly woman walking towards my direction. The boy smiled at me so I smiled and offered him my food. The little boy smiled again and shook his head. Are you sure? He shook his head and stopped walking. Alright then. I went on with my meal. A few minutes later, the bus arrived and just as I motioned to get on it, the elderly woman furiously said some words to me in Hindu. I shrugged and got on the bus. When I arrived home, I found my roommate Taneem watching a Hindu movie. I noticed something weird as I watched a little with him. Why is the subtitle saying yes while the woman keeps shaking her head? I asked. Because shaking your head is to Indians as nodding your head is to us. Shes saying yes. Taneem explained. Even though it was minutes after I had left the boy and the woman, I felt so embarrassed at what I did to the boy. My intentions were good, but it looked otherwise.

Vivid Images of Character and Place in the Opening Chapter To Dickens

Vivid Images of Character and Place in the Opening Chapter To Dickens' Great Expectations The opening chapter to Great Expectations introduces Pip who is the main protagonist in the story. He is an orphan and lives with his sister Mrs Joe Gargery and her husband who is a blacksmith. The story is set in the graveyard in the time of the Industrial Revolution. In the opening chapter we also see Pip being introduced to a convict who is very poor but very rude to the child. The convict threatens Pip and warns him that if he does not get any food for him, he will be in serious trouble. In the opening chapter we see Charles Dickens (the author) use a range of different language techniques that builds the readers minds about the character and the setting of the story. He uses metaphors and describing words as well as the 1st person view from Pip. The first paragraph tells the readers that the main protagonist tells the story. Pip talks about his images of the family and his views when he sees them in their tombstones. Charles Dickens make the readers feel sorry for Pip through his view on them. ' My first fancies regarding what they were like were unreasonably derived from their tombstones.' This quote shows that Pip can only remember his family through death and his childhood life was very sad. Dickens also uses an important metaphor in the same paragraph that also reflects on the sad childhood that Pip had. 'To five little stone lozenges each about one and a half foot long'. This quote causes the readers to feel more sympathised for Pip. This quote also links to the graveyard where the story is set. Before Pip meets ... ...e aware that he is violent as well as an aggressive man. The adjectives that Dickens uses on the convict also makes the readers believe that the character is well suited to being horrible. In the opening chapter Dickens has used a variety of different language devices in order to make this compelling novel. One good example is the use of the extended metaphor in the second paragraph which relates to us feeling sorry for Pip. Colour is another factor to how it is a compelling novel because it is referring to the setting as well as the convict. The exaggeration speech and repetition that the convict uses on pip to show control is also showing the different types of language that has been used. The examples of the different types of language being used has clearly shown that Dickens has made the story enthralling.

Differentiating Work And Keeping Learners Motivated

The Entry to Employment ( E2E ) programme is a roll-on/roll-off class designed to supply a tract for 16-18 twelvemonth olds who are non in instruction, employment or preparation ( NEETs ) towards employment or farther instruction. As many of these scholars have non been in any kind of instruction for some clip due to exclusion or other barriers to their acquisition, they may get with a deficiency of apprehension of their ain abilities, current degree of cognition and, frequently, larning troubles that may or may non hold been identified antecedently. Using instance surveies of pupils that have been anonymised, this paper will analyze ways in which work can be differentiated for pupils, peculiarly those with larning troubles, in a group that has a broad scope of abilities. It will besides look at ways to actuate scholars affected by their ain realization that they may non be at the same degree of their equals to work towards makings at their ain criterion. Main Body Over the last 2 old ages I have been learning pupils in the Foundation Department of East Riding College where I have taught scholars with mild larning troubles and other barriers to larning. In this clip the section has besides taken on the proviso of an E2E class which has been developed to offer NEETs a path into farther instruction, apprenticeships or employment. The purpose of the class is to develop the scholars ‘ basic literacy, numeracy and ICT accomplishments and besides supply other topics that will heighten their employment and societal accomplishments to a degree that would be acceptable to an employer. Although E2E Entitlement Curriculum states that: Some immature people may come in E2E with larning troubles and disablements or may come into E2E at below entry degree. The function of E2E for these scholars, and their advancement and accomplishment through the programme will necessitate to be carefully negotiated. Every consideration should be taken to guarantee that immature people are non placed permissively on E2E because their behavior or demands may forbid them being placed elsewhere ( LSC, 2006, p.6 ) . It has been my experience that some scholars that are referred to E2E arrive with larning troubles that are non statemented or have ne'er been identified because the scholar has non been in any kind of instruction for some clip due to exclusion from school or other barriers to instruction. As Petty, observes: â€Å" Each scholar is alone and has single demands. If the demands of our scholars are discovered and met, the opportunities of success are greatly increased † ( Petty, 2009, p.530 ) . So it is indispensable that initial and diagnostic appraisals are carried out for each of the scholars every bit shortly as possible to place any acquisition troubles and enable schemes to be put into topographic point to supply support for the pupil. Motivation, as with all instruction, is an of import factor that affects scholars on the E2E class. Scales points out that â€Å" Everyone is motivated to larn ; it ‘s portion of what it means to be human. † ( Scales, 2008, P. 237. ) , but besides clarifies that â€Å" Learning is natural ; instruction, unluckily is n't. † ( Scales, 2008, p.238 ) . In the instance of many E2E pupils, although â€Å" street wise † due to life experiences, farther formal instruction would non hold been envisaged in their ain hereafter. They have small or no intrinsic motive to take up analyzing and comply with class demands. Whereas intrinsic motive in instruction can be seen as a desire for the pupil to larn for their ain demands and involvements, extrinsic motive is frequently a major portion of larning utilizing the proviso of wagess, competition or countenances ( Harkin et al. 2001, p.67 ) . Although extrinsic motive can be utile when set abouting boring undertakings, it is evidently more desirable for a pupil to develop an intrinsic motive to larn. Self-efficacy, as described by Bandura, in his societal cognitive theory is â€Å" the belief in one ‘s capablenesss to form and put to death the classs of action required to pull off prospective state of affairss † ( Bandura, 1995, p. 2 ) . He besides states that a individual with strong self-efficacy will develop strong intrinsic motives towards undertakings and involvements ( Bandura, 1994 ) . Initially many of the pupils are placed on the class by Connexions. As it is non ever their ain pick to re-join instruction, their lone motive to fall in the class appears to be extrinsic, for illustration in the signifier of Education Maintenance Allowance or as portion of a tribunal order. Much has to be done to actuate these scholars and many extrinsic incentives need to be applied such as congratulations and encouragement or physical wagess ( e.g. cocoa ) . A peculiar characteristic that I have observed is that although the college is in an mean sized town with several secondary schools, most of the scholars know each other due to being placed in assorted Work Related Learning or Pupil Referral groups. This can take to a peculiar type of de-motivation as new scholars join the group. This is where a scholar does non understand their ain current degree of cognition and apprehension of a topic due to the fact that they have been out of instruction for some clip and they see that their equals may be set abouting work of a higher degree than them. The scenario tends to be: because their friend is making a certain degree of work, they excessively want to make work at this degree. They so find that they are non able to make the work because of their current capablenesss and so become de-motivated because they believe themselves inferior. With respect to Reece and Walker ‘s version of Maslow ‘s hierarchy of basic human needs as appl ied to the schoolroom, ( Reece & A ; Walker, 2007 ) , self-esteem is lowered and so motive is affected. O'Brien and Guiney province that: ‘Differentiation is non about trouble-shooting. It is a construct that has to be seen in an inclusive manner, using to everyone ‘ ( O'Brien & A ; Guiney, 2001, p. nine ) . Of class, attending should ever be paid to the distinction of work for pupils in all categories, but for the ground mentioned above it is peculiarly of import that work is differentiated for these scholars so that their self-pride is non affected. Case 1- Student J. J. joined a new group with seven other scholars. He had travelled around the state with his household and so did non cognize any of the other scholars. On his application to fall in the class he stated that he had no acquisition troubles. His initial appraisal consequences showed that he was Entry 1 for literacy and numeracy where the other scholars were Entry 3 to Level 1. J. was upset when in the first category he was given a diagnostic numeracy trial at Entry 2 when other scholars were finishing nosologies at a higher degree. In treatment with J. it appeared that he may hold had dyslexia as he described some of the authoritative marks such as seeing drifting words and composing words backwards. He explained that he had ever thought of himself as stupe and blamed himself for his hapless literacy and numeracy accomplishments. Following a showing within the college, it was confirmed that J. did hold dyslexia and schemes were put into topographic point to back up his hereafter larning such as the allotment of a Learning Support Advisor to work with him when required. This was the initial measure in so happening ways that work could be differentiated in ways that suited J. When developing worksheets for a category, it became of import that if separate worksheets were appropriate for different degree pupils, all sets would take to the same replies or decisions. For illustration, higher degree scholars may be asked to compose an reply in a few sentences, whereas J. may be given multiple pick replies or a cloze exercising. The of import thing being that when, as a group, we could travel through work and J. would experience confident giving replies along with his equals. Mentoring was besides good to J. He would frequently understand things better if he was helped by one of his equals. Because of this, J. would work good in little groups with peculiar scholars doing certain that the groups were chosen carefully. There has been a definite alteration in J ‘s self-efficacy. Gross states that â€Å" this is brought approximately best through existent experience in confronting antecedently feared or avoided state of affairss † ( Gross, 2009, p.832 ) . J. appears to be developing an intrinsic motive to larn and is now meaning to travel on to a foundation degree class. Case 2- Student B. B. has many barriers to larning including behavioral jobs and a deficiency of appropriate societal accomplishments. B. knew many of the scholars in the group that she was fall ining and instantly wanted to make the work that they were making despite the fact that her initial appraisal had shown her to be at a lower degree of ability than her friends were presently at. It was explained to B. that she needed to work at her literacy accomplishments to achieve the degree that they were at ; after all, they had been on the class for some hebdomads already. B. did non understand this and refused to make any work that was below the degree of her equals. When given the work above her current degree, she became riotous in category due to the fact that she was unable to make the work. B. had old bad educational experiences which had, in portion, led to her exclusion from school. She had non been in instruction since the age of 11 and so her basic accomplishments were hapless. B. did non hold any farther acquisition troubles other than her societal and emotional barriers to acquisition and so schemes to actuate her rich person had to be developed. As with J. distinction has to be applied to results every bit good as the work that is devised for B. When work was set for B, it shortly became evident that she responded good to praise when she had completed undertakings good. Often she would hotfoot to hold her work marked before go oning with other undertakings. B. besides responded good to kinaesthetic acquisition manners and she enjoyed games such as lotto and card games. It became obvious that she was profoundly satisfied by the feedback she received and that this provided her motive. Behavioural theory provinces that when a stimulation is applied a right response should be rewarded and wrong responses should be discouraged. Thorndike ‘s â€Å" Law of Effect † , would look to use here where the satisfaction that a reward brings increases the desire to make the same once more in future ( Child, 2007, p.164 ) . Decision Although it may be already hard and clip devouring to develop lessons for these groups any jobs are exacerbated by the fact that the scholars may get and go forth at any clip during the roll-on/roll-off programme. This means that it is indispensable that diagnostic appraisals are completed instantly to determine accomplishment degrees, larning manners and any learning troubles or disablements. O'Brien and Guiney point out that â€Å" Sometimes teaching troubles are manipulated and become identified as larning troubles † ( O'Brien and Guiney, 2001, p.20 ) . This should non be allowed to go on. The development of intrinsic motive within scholars is a mark for all instructors but it can non ever be achieved when pupils are non receptive to larning. Extrinsic motive is frequently a major portion of the rhythm and should be used consequently. It can be seen that there is a definite demand for distinction in a group that has many scholars at differing degrees and abilities. It is highly hard to seek to learn such a group and keep motive if the undertakings are non adapted for single scholars and their educational demands.

How Language Transformed Humanity Essay

The evolutionary biologist Mark Pagel states, in his speech, that language is the most powerful, risky and revolutionary characteristic of the human being ever evolved. The purpose of the speaker is to inform about the great and potent features of this trait. Pagel explains to us that when we talk, we are able to transfer thoughts in someone else’s mind and vice-versa using such a form of telemetry. In other words this process is similar to what happens between TV remote control and television. According to this biologist language is one of the most subversive means that we can use to express ourselves. One very representative example is the censorship and the awareness that we have to pay attention to when we say or write anything. Going on, Mr Pagel poses two important questions: he asks the reason why language evolves itself, and why it evolved in our species and not in others. The answer is that only human beings have a special feature named â€Å"social learning†, which lets us improve ourselves by watching and copying the actions that someone else did. Such a revolutionary characteristic could also prevent us from making the same mistakes and allows us to do the same action better than before. So we make progresses, whereas the smarter animals remain doing some activities over and over again, without big advancements. As a result of the social learning or, as anthropologists call it, cumulative cultural adaptation we can make stuff, and all the things that surround us are consequences of this process. Now we are moving towards a critical point, which is: â€Å"Why do we have language? †. First, Mr. Pagel states that social learning is visual theft. We can learn stealing ideas and benefit from the best qualities of someone else, without working on something or persevering on it. Secondly he reveals us that when human beings discovered this aspect of social learning (thousands of years ago) arose a dilemma: â€Å"How can we preserve our best ideas and avoid that others steal them? †. Our ancestors could have behaved in the following ways: concentrating themselves in small groups so as to bequeath the acquired information to offspring. But the result would have been isolation and a slight improvement. Or they could have created a system of communication to start cooperating with one another and share everything useful. Obviously they had chosen the second option and in this way language was born. So the solution to the previous dilemma is communication. Then Mr. Pagel points out how peculiar the fact is that we have 8000 different languages spoken on Earth. More surprising is that the greatest density is located in the smallest areas such as islands. This is related to the tendency of people to isolate in small groups in order to protect identities and cultures. On the other side nowadays we communicate a lot more than in the past. But our modern world founded on connectivity and cooperation is limited by the variety of languages. This raises the question: â€Å"is it possible in our globalized and standardized world to have all these different languages? †. Mr. Pagel has no answer but it seems inevitable that our destiny might be a one language world.

Diversity As A Weapon essays

Diversity As A Weapon essays I never knew that there was a sense of diversity back in the older days of the American nation. Sometimes, I believe we forget that diversity is not a term for some new movement, current happening, or something coined to describe the meeting of cultures and backgrounds which does not commonly occur under normal circumstances. Referring to older times, diversity meant much, much morerather, it was a concept, a tactic, to solve some issues with labor (Takaki 25). To combat the situation with labor insurrections and strikes, diversity was used as a weaponby making groups divided by ethnicity, culture, and language, the groups would regulate each other, making sure they focused on competing with each other rather than solidifying as one group (26). It was surprisingthe way we wanted an enriched culture differs from the reasons why it was so desired before. Actually, sometimes we forget that maybe diversity was always wanted, but the purpose changes with time. Another interesting fact was the plan to use Korean labor as a means to control Japanese labor (26). It was said that because Koreans were not likely to combine with the Japanese at any attempts at strikes (26), they would become a useful strategy in making sure that the focus of the workers was misdirected at other workers, rather than the system as a whole. This jumped from the pages, only because it was stated somewhere in the text that the two more educated groups of the immigrants were the Japanese and the Korean, while the rest were not as privileged to do so. Knowing that the Japanese and Koreans have some sort of history with each other, I would suppose that their differences would be the main reasons for the stratagem played against them. Honestly, it is sometimes difficult to imagine that such intricate thinking and planning and strategy was taken into consideration in a time some period agothe...

Analysis of The Merchant of Venice

Antonio invested all his money on merchant ship’s. But, Antonio’s plan failed – the merchant ship’s were wrecked and now he didn’t have the money to re-pay Shylock. When Shylock didn’t receive his money, he and Antonio both agreed that Shylock would receive a pound of flesh from Antonio’s body. The married couple Bassanio and Portia, are friends with Antonio and they realized they had to help him. Portia offered Shylock triple the amount of what the money was really worth. Shylock rejected the offer but Portia had a plan to solve the dilemma – Disguise as a male judge to save her friend and also be more extreme by making Shylock worthless. Analysis. In the movie there are several motives such as good vs. evil, kindness and cruelty, religion dilemmas (Christian vs. Jew), tragedy etc. These opposites are all common with Shakespeare’s writings. Among the main character’s, Antonio is the one who is unselfish because he wants to help his friend, he represents goodness. Shylock isn’t actually the â€Å"evil-one†, he’s more of a vindictive individual because he lives in a society full of anti-Semitism and with a daughter who left him for a Christian man. I think Shylock has full right to receive a pound of flesh from Antonio’s body because both parties signed a contract (they both agreed on this) The movie is also about destiny and power. Whatever happened to the merchant ships is nothing Antonio, or any other human, can do about it. When Antonio borrows money of Shylock, he gives the Jewish businessman all the power. During the final scene when they’re all gathered in court, Shakespeare clearly shows he wants to maintain the Christian morality and make Shylock â€Å"clean† by converting to Christianity. Because Shylock is a Jew, he’s featured as an evil person. From the film’s and Shakespeare’s perspective, there is only one religion that is acceptable. This could be a symbol for the fights between the two religions and the main characters. Revenge is one of the main parts in this movie. Shylock uses his work and abundance to pursue his revenge. If the loan never had occurred Shylock would never had been able to take the evenge to another level. Though Shylock never succeeded his revenge, his main goal was vengeance and never hesitated to stop his work. Tragedy occurs when Shylock looses everything in court and has to beg for mercy. He has to give all his abundance to his daughter, convert to Christianity. He didn’t do anything wrong, lived in a anti-semi tism society. Above all, he had a signed contract of the deal. But, Portia’s rhetorical skills turned the situation around when she argued that no blood, not more than the weight of a pound was allowed when cutting the flesh. This was impossible to accomplish. Analysis of The Merchant of Venice Antonio invested all his money on merchant ship’s. But, Antonio’s plan failed – the merchant ship’s were wrecked and now he didn’t have the money to re-pay Shylock. When Shylock didn’t receive his money, he and Antonio both agreed that Shylock would receive a pound of flesh from Antonio’s body. The married couple Bassanio and Portia, are friends with Antonio and they realized they had to help him. Portia offered Shylock triple the amount of what the money was really worth. Shylock rejected the offer but Portia had a plan to solve the dilemma – Disguise as a male judge to save her friend and also be more extreme by making Shylock worthless. Analysis. In the movie there are several motives such as good vs. evil, kindness and cruelty, religion dilemmas (Christian vs. Jew), tragedy etc. These opposites are all common with Shakespeare’s writings. Among the main character’s, Antonio is the one who is unselfish because he wants to help his friend, he represents goodness. Shylock isn’t actually the â€Å"evil-one†, he’s more of a vindictive individual because he lives in a society full of anti-Semitism and with a daughter who left him for a Christian man. I think Shylock has full right to receive a pound of flesh from Antonio’s body because both parties signed a contract (they both agreed on this) The movie is also about destiny and power. Whatever happened to the merchant ships is nothing Antonio, or any other human, can do about it. When Antonio borrows money of Shylock, he gives the Jewish businessman all the power. During the final scene when they’re all gathered in court, Shakespeare clearly shows he wants to maintain the Christian morality and make Shylock â€Å"clean† by converting to Christianity. Because Shylock is a Jew, he’s featured as an evil person. From the film’s and Shakespeare’s perspective, there is only one religion that is acceptable. This could be a symbol for the fights between the two religions and the main characters. Revenge is one of the main parts in this movie. Shylock uses his work and abundance to pursue his revenge. If the loan never had occurred Shylock would never had been able to take the evenge to another level. Though Shylock never succeeded his revenge, his main goal was vengeance and never hesitated to stop his work. Tragedy occurs when Shylock looses everything in court and has to beg for mercy. He has to give all his abundance to his daughter, convert to Christianity. He didn’t do anything wrong, lived in a anti-semi tism society. Above all, he had a signed contract of the deal. But, Portia’s rhetorical skills turned the situation around when she argued that no blood, not more than the weight of a pound was allowed when cutting the flesh. This was impossible to accomplish.

RSPCA Royal Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Animals Essay

RSPCA Royal Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Animals - Essay Example Marketing is all about understanding the customers and of finding ways and means to for providing product or service as per his requirements (Sandhusen 2000). Marketing is a highly misunderstood word. It is not tactics or methods of getting customers to buy a company’s product or services. That is advertisement or promotions. It is a conscious effort to analyze and understand what is needed and trying to fulfill this need. Marketing is about understanding the stakeholders. It is highly relevant to investigate what each stakeholder contributes in terms of the product, quality, service deliveries and pricing. Marketing is also about knowledge of your own company and its capability of delivering a product or service and managing its resources and competencies in that direction. But above all, Marketing is all about customers. Their behavior and attitude towards buying a product is of paramount importance. Their needs and wants and their likes and dislikes are decisive factors and purchase decisions depend on these issues. It is the understanding of these factors that will develop a marketing strategy. Therefore Marketing is all about understanding the customers and of finding ways and means to for providing product or service as per his requirements. Marketers have adopted a variety of means to persuade customers, foremost among them being advertisement, promotion, publicity and public relations. However unless a proper commutation channel is established the efforts will go in vain. Advertising and promotions both need effective communication to produce successful results. Kotler et al (1996) have pointed out persuasive communication is designed to stimulate a pre-defined response from consumers and advertisers use this ploy to gain advantage over susceptible consumers. This can be done using various methods like â€Å"mass media advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, direct mail and point-of-sale merchandising† (Kitchen

An Individuals Right to Refuse Medical Care Case Study

An Individuals Right to Refuse Medical Care - Case Study Example The historical perspective is, to be brief, the fact that Terri Schiavo had a head injury which significantly impaired her. An autopsy later revealed that her brain had no significant cognitive functioning, with no chance of recovery. Overall, â€Å"there is no easy fix that will make end-of-life decision making simple and conflict-free.†1 Legislation was put through allowing for feeding-tube removal. An individual has the right to refuse medical care, but usually, they will have to sign a form saying that they have been informed of their necessity for medical care—and are consciously making the decision not to receive medical care by outrightly refusing it. This has various potential outcomes, one of which is if appropriate medical treatment is not received, what will happen then? The moral and ethical issues present include the following: whether someone can or cannot insert a feeding tube without the patient’s consent; whether someone can or cannot insert an I V without the patient’s consent; and whether or not someone can or cannot hydrate a patient without the patient’s consent. Governor Jeb Bush passed â€Å"Terri’s Law,† stating that Terri’s feeding tube could be removed—a legislative move. My ethical position on the issue is that Terri’s feeding tube and hydration should not have been discontinued. In fact, I protested these end-of-life procedures when the Schiavo case was happening, in order to garner attention to how upset I felt that her rights were being violated.

READING ANALUZES FOR ETHICS CLASS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

READING ANALUZES FOR ETHICS CLASS - Essay Example Instead, one must strengthen its ability to discern morally which can be developed through a regular and thoughtful deliberation of any ethical issue. Education is a pre requisite to be able to discern what could be morally appropriate in a given situation. This was demonstrated in the dialogue between Steed and Paxmore in the book â€Å"The Responsible Administrator† where Steed wondered how could the Watergate scandal happened. Paxmore explained that it is because â€Å"men without character . . . never comprehend the awful downward course they’re on†. Paxmore attributed this to lack of education where they went to â€Å"chrome and mirror schools where procedures are taught but not the principles†. Thus, they cannot contemplate about a moral problem in â€Å"the abstract where character is formed†. Having a grounded and educated moral compass within is necessary especially in public service where the interest of diverse groups collide that it would be difficult to discern what is ethically appropriate. Unlike in the early stages of the Republic where governance was truly intended to serve the greater good of society, governance today is already murky and peppered with self-interest after the adoption of spoil system. Thus, it becomes difficult what could be right or wrong and this pervades in all spheres of our public life. We need not look far for example how lack of ethics could be damaging. The recent financial crisis that made everybody’s life difficult where millions lost their jobs and thousands more lost their homes can be attributed directly for people lack of ethics or willful disregard for any concept of ethics. The financial scandals that rocked America from Enron, Worldcom to mortgage crisis all redound to greed which is a byproduct of lack of any sense of any ethical consideration. Worst, the crisis was not solely a financial crisis but also a crisis of

Attaining The Good Life Philosophy Essay

Attaining The Good Life Philosophy Essay Everyone should want to live the good life. Along with attaining the good life there are many definitions and interpretations of how to get there. People all around the world strive to live the good life each day. What may seem ordinary and boring to someone could be a dream or fantasy for someone who is less fortunate. There are two great days in a persons life- the day he is born and the day he discovers why he was born. In other words, when he discovers what he was meant to do with his life. There are plenty of people who have a desire to live the good life and really make the most of the fun available to them. People who have lived the good life by my definition which is one that has a balanced lifestyle, accomplished goals and dreams which are beneficial to a person and their loved ones, an education, and last but not least having stability through relationships, work, health, and money include Aristotle and Plato. Plato and Aristotle each had ideas on how to proceed with improv ing the society in which they were part of during their lifetime. It is necessary therefore to analyze their different theoretical approaches regarding their philosophical perspectives. A child in the less-developed parts Africa could only dream of living the life we live. They would see the good life as having an education, a safe place to live, clean food and water, and a more promising future. These things are given to us and should be implemented into our lives. Instead, we often find ourselves complaining about not having brand name clothes, or not going out to eat, or having to do homework. Many attempts have been made throughout history to better define the word happiness, and the two best-known philosophers in history, Plato and Aristotle, spent much of their studies on the subject. A good and happy life is one in which pleasures outweigh the pains overall. Many questions have been asked about the good life and happiness. People always answer those questions with their lives, and we see many different ideas of the good life and happiness playing out in the strivings of humanity to live well and be happy. Both Plato and Aristotle felt that happiness was an important factor of life. Platos notion of happiness was significantly different from those with normal views. He spent as much time undermining the traditional understanding of the good life as to describing his own conception. Plato considered happiness as a state of flawlessness that is hard to apprehend because it is based on metaphysical presuppositions that appear unclear for ordinary understanding. Aristotle s peaks of the good life as the happy life; he does not mean that the good life is merely one of feeling happy or amused. Rather, as the good life for a person is the active life of functioning well in those ways that are essential and unique to humans. Aristotles idea of the good life is very similar to mine because my definition the good life is merely one with a balanced lifestyle, accomplished goals and dreams, receiving an education, and stability in all aspects of life. These similarities and differences can be observed by exploring what Aristotle and Plato taught. Both Aristotle and Plato see the good life as the state in which a person exhibits total virtue. A virtue is total moral excellence. However, these philosophers disagree on the definition of virtue, and its relevance to happiness. Virtue is an essential component of the good life according to Aristotle.  The good life cannot be identified with virtue because being virtuous is consistent with leading an inactive domicile or with suffering greatly. As Plato reasoned, total virtue shows only when his desires have been extinguished. Aristotle argues that the good life is different for each individual because each person will have different virtues. Plato sees the good life as being achieved through the perfect love and lack of desire, while Aristotle believes that the good life is achieved through a perfect state that causes its citizens to act upon their virtues Aristotles ideas seem more practical and easier to follow whereas Platos works seem more complicated. Many people are unhappy because they fail to set or attempt to achieve goals. One must set new goals for themselves and do something each day towards its accomplishment. Being true to oneself is a must when setting goals. One must also keep in mind in order to live the good life the goals made should be positive so once they are achieved, only good things will come out of it. The worst thing in life is to live by what others say. Plato said, Apply yourself both now and in the next life. Without effort, you cannot be prosperous. Though the land be good, You cannot have an abundant crop without cultivation. One should live life on ones own terms and should always keep in mind that it is possible to live ones dreams. Aristotle said, Everyone who can live according to his own choice should adopt some goal for the good life be it honor or reputation or wealth or culture-a goal that he will keep in view in all his actionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Mintoff 159). Ultimate happiness occurs when a perso ns actions and goals which are virtuous. The effects of lack of motivation have a negative impact on people. One will miss the sense of accomplishment and the satisfaction that comes with succeeding on a big scale. He will also lose the respect of his peers and will be excluded from the winners circle. He will no longer feel in control of his own destiny and in fact be a victim of circumstance. He will tend to earn far less than people of lesser intelligence and ability. One will also worry about the future because they fear they may not be able to deal with things. In 2006, the movie, The Pursuit of Happiness, was released. This movie was based on the true story of Christopher Gardners life. Gardner was a bright and talented employed salesman. He continued to struggle making ends meet, Gardner found himself and his five-year-old son evicted from their San Francisco apartment with nowhere to go. He and his son endured many hardships, including living in shelters and in public restrooms. In pursuit of his dream of a better life for the two of them, Gardner landed an internship at a prestigious stock brokerage firm. Although there was no salary, he accepted with the hope that he will end the program with a job and a promising future. He continued to honor his commitment as a loving and caring father, using the affection and trust his son has placed in him as an impetus to overcome the obstacles he faced. On the last day of the internship, he was called into an office. Chris was told him that he has been an excellent trainee. Aristotle took on a task similar in some respects to the one Plato conveyed out in the Republic. One of Platos main points is that it is a great advantage to set up a hierarchical ordering of the elements in ones soul, Unlike Aristotle, who would bring philosophy back to earth, Plato held that the unseen, heavenly, eternal things are more real that the things of our world, (Boyleston) and he shows how the traditional virtues can be interpreted to nurture or show the proper relation between reason and less rational elements of the psyche. Aristotles function argument shows in a general way that our good lies in the authority of reason, and the detailed studies of the particular virtues reveal how each of them involves the proper kind of ordering of the soul. Aristotles goal was to come to conclusions like Platos, but without relying upon the Platonic metaphysics that takes on a fundamental role in the argument of the Republic. The word metaphysics is defined as the study or theory of reality sometimes used more narrowly to refer to transcendent reality, that is, reality which lies beyond the physical world and cannot therefore be grasped by means of the senses. Plato believed in an inside out view of metaphysics which shows two realms to our reality the realm of changing, becoming things and a realm of fixed, and being forms, which are unchanging and that all things owe their reality. Aristotle saw in his outside in view, that there was only one level to our reality and that in it forms are found only within particular things, which have both form and matter. If there were not individual round things, there would be no such thing as the Form roundness. Forms do not exist separately or apart from particulars. Roundness, for example, has n o independent existence apart from particular round things. One cannot think the Form roundness without thinking of a particular round thing. The importance of education cannot be measured because it determines ones future. Its value is unmatchable. Without it, there will be ignorance, frustration, anger, and demise. With it, solutions, alternatives, and new ideas can be brought forth to further improve life itself. John Milton said, Nevertheless to write now the reforming of Education, though it be one of the greatest and noblest designs that can be thought on, and for the want whereof this Nation perishes . . .the knowledge and the use of which, cannot but be a great furtherance both to the enlargement of truth, and honest living, with much more peace. (Milton 96). We would not let uneducated officials run our country. As we learn from our mistakes, we are able to improve the next time around. Without education, improvement and progress would never be achieved. There is no greater purpose than using the mind to everyones best advantage because it is a gift given by God. Plato stated in the Republic, When the minds eye re sts on objects illuminated by truth and reality, it understands and comprehends them, and functions intelligently; but when it turns to the twilight world of change and decay, it can only form opinions, its vision is confused and its beliefs shifting, and it seems to lack intelligence (Plato). Both Plato and Aristotle concur that a good education is the way to attain virtue, but they disagree on how a person should be educated because of his differing views on the cause of virtue. By the means of education only ones potential can be used to maximum extent. Education teaches how to think, how to work properly, and how to make decisions. Through receiving an education, one can make a separate identity. Aristotle rejects the existence of Platos forms in general and the form of the good in particular; and he rejects the idea that in order to become fully virtuous one must study mathematics and the sciences, and see all branches of knowledge as a unified whole. Aristotle said, Education is an ornament in prosperity and a refuge in adversity. Aristotle believed that education should begin from birth and should involve changing the childs habits and forming his reason so that his nature, habits, and reason will align. Plato believed that virtue comes from an understanding of true beauty, which exists only in the higher plane of the world. Plato also believes that education should begin when the child is ready to love another. A valuable effect of education is creativity. Creativity can build a bridge in between seemingly different concepts of information or knowledge. People without morals will never do beneficial deeds in their life. A lack of morals in life is a huge problem. A person without morals is one who does not care to help others, who does not care to put themselves in others shoes, and who thinks he is better than everyone else. This is a common trait in wealthy people as well. However, not all wealthy people are like this. Those who are will never know what it is like to live a life a poor person lives, nor will they be concerned. They do not think it is necessary to give to the poor because they feel it is their own money. A person with a lack of morals cannot tell the difference between right and wrong. They have never been taught or never acknowledged true morals. He that has improved the virtue or advanced the happiness of one fellow-creature, he that has ascertained a single moral proposition, or added one useful experiment to natural knowledge, may be contented with his own performance, and, with respect to mortals like himself, may demand, like Augustus, to be dismissed at his departure with applause (Johnson 122). Lack of morals connects to the reasons why people make bad decisions in life. When people do drugs and drink uncontrollably, they see nothing wrong with it because no one told them it was wrong. If they were told, they ignored those who tried to save them from a life of failure. It is sad to see the amount of people who have addictions to certain things and rely on those things for survival. However, these addictions will never help, rather it will hurt them and effect he people around them as well. Lack of morals also leads to violence. Without evident morals people would just turn to violence in stressful situations. It is a proven fact that lack of morals leads to crime. Mary Wollstonecraft said, And, when you are examining your heart, if it would not be too much like mathematical drudgery, to which a fine imagination very reluctantly stoops, enquire further, how it is consistent with the vulgar notions of honesty, and the foundation of moralitytruth; for a man to boast of his vir tue and independence, when he cannot forget that he is at the moment enjoying the wages of falsehood; and that, in a skulking, unmanly way, he has secured himself a pension of fifteen hundred pounds per annum on the Irish establishment? (Wollstonecraft 129). It is morals that will make a person who they are. A balanced lifestyle is vital in living the good life. Ones lifestyle is made up of everything he does for example, work, school, social life, and of course personal time. A balanced lifestyle is a collection of all the activities and places that characterize who one is as a person. Ones lifestyle has an emotional impact on. If ones lifestyles net effect leaves him feeling bad about himself then changes in it are needed. Otherwise, it can lead to stress and depression. If one can accommodate all his activities and fit them in his schedule allowing time to relax and do things for himself, not only will he be happy but everyone around him will be as well. If ones lifestyle isnt balanced, he could find great stress-reduction benefits in taking a thorough inventory of his life and how he spends his time, and making changes. First, one must determine which areas were lacking, and then work on building up those areas. Stress is a normal physical response to events that make one feel threat ened or upset ones balance in some way. If one dwells over a stressful situation not only will they be able to see the good out of the situation but it could also lead to pain of any kind, heart disease, sleep problems, and depression. Keep in mind that there is always some good in every bad situation. In order to live the good life one must be able to handle stressful situations. Socializing with friends and family is also an important part of healthy living. Having a healthy social life means having a few close friends and confidants that one enjoys being with to share ideas, discuss important personal issues, and have a few good laughs. Being able to express oneself and sharing feelings will help one as he is going on with life because he will know that he has friends to talk to when times go bad. Bottling feelings inside will just hurt oneself more and will not be able to enjoy things he used to because of whatever burden he is going through. He will also withdraw themselves from all social happenings, which may give his friends the impression that something is being hidden. Keep in mind, not every detail has to be shared but being able to share thoughts and feelings help one feel more relieved and often helps with taking that extra load off ones back. For the purpose of living one has to assume that the personality is solid, and the self is an entity, and to ignore all contrary evidence. And since to ignore evidence is one of the characteristics of faith, I certainly can proclaim that I believe in personal relationships (Foster 182). Plato and Aristotle agree on the importance of interpersonal relationships in the quest for the good life. Both agree that interpersonal relationships account for the education of individuals, but Aristotle goes further because he sees attaining the good life as societal. By my definition of the good life, one must be positively stable in every aspect of his life. Being financially stable provides a healthy and safe way of living. Nevertheless, he will be able to support themselves and his family in the matter of food, water, and shelter. Money will always be a worry factor but if money is handled the right way then it is easy to remain stable. Good, stable health keeps ones mind sharp, doctor bills low, a longer lifespan in some cases, and lets one work more to make more money. Plato agreed with this and said, Lack of activity destroys the good condition of every human being, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨while movement and methodical physical exercise save it and preserve it. One must remain active because a sedentary lifestyle is not beneficial to ones health. The good life is simply success though stability, accomplished goals and dreams, and a balanced lifestyle. Peace comes with contentment. Harmony is achieved through balance. Stability revolves around rationalization. The good life with out either element; contentment, balanced rationalization cannot be achieved in its true essence. If we started to appreciate what is given to us we would truly see how easy it is to fully understand and live the good life. Lets make the best out of our life for those kids in Africa and other third world countries. Lets better ourselves so we can make a difference so those unprivileged people can live the good life as well. It is obvious that both Plato and Aristotle had a different concept of the good life, but their ideas behind living the good life support my opinion. Human happiness is the primary concern for both Plato and Aristotle in their works of literature. Since happiness is almost a universal emotion their conclusions on the cause of happiness are similar. However, Plato and Aristotle are completely different individuals, so the causes of their happiness are completely different. Achieving the good life was viewed by both philosophers as being a life-long task with several aspects to keep in mind. Their basic conceptions and appreciation of life were prominent throughout their studies of how to achieve the good life. Sometimes, big effects come from little causes. For example, when making bread one has to use flour and water and then he knead the dough. If he forgets to add just a little bit of yeast, he will end up with an unappetizing hockey puck. A big effect, like a healthier person, calls for a lot of big causes, like eating better and exercising more. Sometimes just a little change can make a big difference. To live the good life one must go through the whole process of trial and error.

Joe Keller in All My Sons Essay -- Arthur Miller

How to Make Joe Keller Look Bad KELLER: Say, I ain’t got time to get sick. MOTHER: He hasn’t been laid up in fifteen years. KELLER: Except my flu during the war. MOTHER: Huhh? KELLER: My flu, when I was sick during†¦the war. MOTHER: Well, sure†¦(to George) I mean except for that flu. (George stands perfectly still) Well, it slipped my mind, don’t look at me that way. He wanted to go to the shop but he couldn’t lift himself off the bed. I thought he had pneumonia. GEORGE: Why did you say he’s never-? KELLER: I know how you feel, kid, I’ll never forgive myself. If I could’ve gone in that day I’d never allow Dad to touch those heads. GEORGE: She said you’ve never been sick. MOTHER: I said he was sick, George. George: (going to Ann) Ann, didn’t you hear her say-? MOTHER: Do you remember every time you were sick? GEORGE: I’d remember pneumonia. Especially if I got it just the day my partner was going to patch up cylinder heads†¦What happened that day, Joe? In the above lines, Arthur Miller pulls back the veil that has been hiding Joe Keller’s past in All My Sons. Not only are these lines critical to the remainder of the play’s events, but many of the characters also switch emotions almost instantly. With the significance and delicateness of these lines at stake, a director has the responsibility of conveying the language to the audience with only a few pre-existing stage directions as aid. One major way to convey these lines is to remain consistent with how he/she is portraying each character to make them still feel convincing to the audience. If directed effectively, Joe Keller’s departure from all prior characterization will be even more noticeable. In addition to other possibilities, the... ...l be no happy ending. The chaos George brought into Act II will only magnify after this speech. This section is in essence, the loss of stability in the Keller family. Keller is reduced to a shell of his former self as the audience takes on the beliefs of Chris through the remainder of the play. This scene will hopefully result in frustration towards Keller so that his â€Å"You’re a boy, what could I do!† (Miller 2.646) speech does not merit much pity. We realize that although Keller was misunderstood, he lived a lie too long. At the play’s end, this scene acted from my viewpoint should give the audience the feeling that even though Keller’s suicide is tragic, it is these lines that killed him. Works Cited Richardson, Gary A. and Stephen Watt, eds. American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary. Cambridge. MA: Heinle & Heinle Publishers, 2003.

Hnrs. Renaissance History Chapter 17 & 18 Study Guide Essay

1. The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were who? John Locke and Isaac Newton 2. After 1688, Great Britain permitted religious toleration to which groups? Lutherans, Jews, and Muslims 3. This nation was significantly freer than any other European nation at the beginning of the Enlightenment. What nation is this? Great Britain 4. An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasing influential social force called what? public opinion 5. Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French, this book praised the virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty, and implicitly criticized the abuses of French society. What is this book’s title? Letters on the English 6. Philosophies criticized the Christian church for many things, but not for what? Taking too limited a role in national politics. 7. The two major points in the Deists’ creed were what? The belief in an afterlife dependent upon one’s earthly actions and the existence of a rational God. 8. Which of the following figures came closest to atheism in their religious thinking? Baron d’Holbach 9. According to Ethics, the most famous of his works, this man closely identified God and nature, an idea for which his contemporaries condemned him. Who was this? Spinoza 10. This 18th century philosopher was known as the â€Å"Jewish Socrates†. Who is this man? Mendelssohn 11. Pascal and other critics saw this as an exceptionally carnal or sexually promiscuous religion because of its teaching that heaven was a place of sensuous delights. What is this religion? Islam 12. The Encyclopedia did what? secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe 13. He published On Crimes and Punishments, in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective an d just. Who is this? Marquis Cesare Beccaria 14. Adam Smith advocated what? The ending of England’s mercantile system. 15. According to Smith, government should provide what? Schools, armies, navies and roads. 16. According to Smith’s four-stage theory, human societies moved from where to where? Barbarism to Civilization 17. The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in what country? France 18. He contended that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted human nature. Who is he? Rousseau 19. Based on his ideas and traditions, most 18th-century political thinkers regarded human beings as individuals and society as a collection of individuals pursing personal, selfish goals. Who is this? John Locke 20. Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment favored what? the extension of European empires across the world 21. Herder is famous for his early views concerning what? cultural relativism 22. The philosophies generally were not what? avid feminists 23. He maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society. He was also sympathetic in his observations concerning the value placed on women’s appearance and the prejudice women met as they aged. Who was he? Montesquieu 24. Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light? Rococo 25. Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world? Neoclassicism 26. Neoclassical paintings were didactic rather than emotional and their subject matter usually concerned what? Public life or public morals. 27. He was a strong monarchist who in 1759 published a History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great, which declared, â€Å"Peter was born, and Russia was formed!† Who said this? Voltair e 28. Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catharine II made â€Å"enlightened† reforms as part of their drive to do what? Increase revenues and gain political support. 29. This monarch embodies enlightened absolutism more than any other. He/she forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy? Frederick the Great 30. Monarchs associated with enlightened absolutism included all of the following rulers: Maria Theresa, Joseph II, Frederick the Great, Catherine II 31. Of all the rising states of the 18th century, this state was the most diverse in its people and problems. What is this state? Austria 32. Maria Theresa of Austria did all of the following: limited the amount of labor the nobility could demand from peasants; established a very efficient tax system; expanded primary education; created central councils to deal with political problems 33. Joseph II of Austria: sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry 34. Catherine the Great of Russia did what? built a strong alliance with the nobility 35. As part of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed what newly independent state in 1783? Crimea 36. King Louis XVI convened the Estates General in order to do what? raise tax revenues 37. The French parlements spoke for the interests of what group? The Aristocracy 38. He was responsible for the introduction of the revolutionary land tax that all landowners would have to pay regardless of their social status. Who is he? Charles Alexandre de Calonne 39. The parliament of Paris declared that only the_______________ could establish new taxes. Estates General 40. The Second Estate of the Estates General was made up of what group? The Nobility 41. By the following way the aristocracy attempted to limit the influence of the Third Estate. What is this attempt? They demanded that each estate have an equal number of representatives 42. The cahiers de doleances presented to the king included all of the following grievances: Government waste, corruption, indirect taxes, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy. 43. The Tennis Court Oath refers to an oath taken by what party? National Assembly to give France a constitution 44. Throughout the winter and spring of 1789, the high prices for what commodity produced many riots? Bread 45. â€Å"The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen† was proclaimed by what group? the National Constituent Assembly 46. During the Great Fear what happened? Peasants reclaimed rights and property they had lost to aristocratic resurgence. 47. Which of the following best describes the form of government pursued by the National Constituent Assembly? constitutional monarchy 48. According to the suffrage stipulations of the Constitution of 1791, approximately how many of France’s 25 million citizens were qualified to vote? 50,000 49. The Chapelier Law did what? forbade workers’ associations 50. The Roman Catholic Church condemned the _________________________. French Revolution 51. The following statement about the Jacobins are not true: they were the most conservative political group in the National Constituent Assembly 52. The term â€Å"sans culottes† was used in revolutionary France to refer to what? Workers 53. The sans culottes wanted what above all else? Democracy 54. Louis XVI was condemned to death on the charge of what? Conspiring against the liberty of the people. 55. As Prime Minister of England, William Pitt the Younger did what? Suppressed reform AND popular movements 56. The following best summarizes Edmund Burke’s view of the French Revolution: He believed it was shortsighted and politically ignorant 57. By April 1793, the following countries were at war with France: Spain, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia 58. Issued in August of 1793, the là ©vee en masse was a what? military requisition on the entire population 59. By late 1794, the French army was the _______________________ in European history. Largest army 60. The core value of the republic of virtue created by the revolution was what? Public good over private good 61. The following was not part of the ideology embraced by Maximilien de Robespierre? Embrace Christianity 62. Many victims of the Reign of Terror were subject to what â€Å"humane† form of execution? Guillotine 63. The Law of 22 Prairial, passed on June 10 of 1794, permitted the _________ __________________________ without substantial evidence. conviction of counterrevolutionaries 64. The Thermidorian reaction resulted in all of the following: a pull back from the radical revolution; a new constitution; the closing of the Paris Jacobin Club; the reduction of the political power of the sans culottes 65. The â€Å"Bands of Jesus† did what? murdered suspected Jacobins 66. The following best summarizes the comparison of freedoms exercised by women before 1789 versus after 1795? Women had more freedom before 1789 67. The French Revolution has often been considered a victory of what group? Bourgeoisie 68. The Treaties of Basel in March and June 1795 concluded peace with whom? Spain and Prussia